The Logic Of Scientific Discovery Karl Popper 科学发现的逻辑

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	【资料名称】:The Logic Of Scientific Discovery     【资料描述】: 　　When first published in 1959, this book revolutionized contemporary thinking about science and knowledge. It remains one of the most widely read books about science to come out of the 20th century. 　　CONTENTS 　　Translators’ Note xii 　　Preface to the First Edition, 1934 xv 　　Preface to the First English Edition, 1959 xviiiPART I Introduction to the Logic of Science1 A Survey of Some Fundamental Problems 31 The Problem of Induction 　　2 Elimination of Psychologism 　　3 Deductive Testing of Theories 　　4 The Problem of Demarcation 　　5 Experience as a Method 　　6 Falsifiability as a Criterion of Demarcation7 The Problem of the ‘Empirical Basis’ 　　8 Scientific Objectivity and Subjective Conviction2 On the Problem of a Theory of Scientific Method 279 Why Methodological Decisions are Indispensable10 The Naturalistic Approach to the Theory of Method11 Methodological Rules as Conventions 　　PART II Some Structural Components of a Theory of Experience3 Theories 37 　　12 Causality, Explanation, and the Deduction of Predictions13 Strict and Numerical Universality 　　14 Universal Concepts and Individual Concepts15 Strictly Universal and Existential Statements16 Theoretical Systems 　　17 Some Possibilities of Interpreting a System of Axioms18 Levels of Universality. The Modus Tollens4 Falsifiability 57 　　19 Some Conventionalist Objections 　　20 Methodological Rules 　　21 Logical Investigation of Falsifiability22 Falsifiability and Falsification 　　23 Occurrences and Events 　　24 Falsifiability and Consistency 　　5 The Problem of the Empirical Basis 74 　　25 Perceptual Experiences as Empirical Basis: 　　Psychologism 　　26 Concerning the So-Called ‘Protocol Sentences’ 　　27 The Objectivity of the Empirical Basis28 Basic Statements 　　29 The Relativity of Basic Statements. Resolution ofFries’s Trilemma 　　30 Theory and Experiment 　　6 Degrees of Testability 95 　　31 A Programme and an Illustration 　　32 How are Classes of Potential Falsifiers to be Compared? 　　33 Degrees of Falsifiability Compared by Means of theSubclass Relation 　　34 The Structure of the Subclass Relation. 　　Logical Probability 　　35 Empirical Content, Entailment, and Degreesof Falsifiability 　　36 Levels of Universality and Degrees of Precisionviii contents 　　37 Logical Ranges. Notes on the Theory of Measurement38 Degrees of Testability Compared by Referenceto Dimensions 　　39 The Dimension of a Set of Curves 　　40 Two Ways of Reducing the Number of Dimensionsof a Set of Curves 　　7 Simplicity 121 　　41 Elimination of the Aesthetic and the PragmaticConcepts of Simplicity 　　42 The Methodological Problem of Simplicity43 Simplicity and Degree of Falsifiability44 Geometrical Shape and Functional Form 　　45 The Simplicity of Euclidean Geometry 　　46 Conventionalism and the Concept of Simplicity8 Probability 133 　　47 The Problem of Interpreting Probability Statements48 Subjective and Objective Interpretations49 The Fundamental Problem of the Theory of Chance50 The Frequency Theory of von Mises 　　51 Plan for a New Theory of Probability 　　52 Relative Frequency within a Finite Class53 Selection, Independence, Insensitiveness, Irrelevance54 Finite Sequences. Ordinal Selection andNeighbourhood Selection 　　55 n-Freedom in Finite Sequences 　　56 Sequences of Segments. The First Form of theBinomial Formula 　　57 Infinite Sequences. Hypothetical Estimatesof Frequency 　　58 An Examination of the Axiom of Randomness59 Chance-Like Sequences. Objective Probability60 Bernoulli’s Problem 　　61 The Law of Great Numbers (Bernoulli’s Theorem)62 Bernoulli’s Theorem and the Interpretation ofProbability Statements 　　63 Bernoulli’s Theorem and the Problem of Convergencecontents ix 　　64 Elimination of the Axiom of Convergence. Solutionof the ‘Fundamental Problem of the Theory of Chance’ 　　65 The Problem of Decidability 　　66 The Logical Form of Probability Statements67 A Probabilistic System of Speculative Metaphysics68 Probability in Physics 　　69 Law and Chance 　　70 The Deducibility of Macro Laws from Micro Laws71 Formally Singular Probability Statements72 The Theory of Range 　　9 Some Observations on Quantum Theory 20973 Heisenberg’s Programme and the 　　Uncertainty Relations 　　74 A Brief Outline of the Statistical Interpretation ofQuantum Theory 　　75 A Statistical Re-Interpretation of theUncertainty Formulae 　　76 An Attempt to Eliminate Metaphysical Elements byInverting Heisenberg’s Programme; with Applications77 Decisive Experiments 　　78 Indeterminist Metaphysics 　　10 Corroboration, or How a Theory Stands up to Tests 24879 Concerning the So-Called Verification of Hypotheses80 The Probability of a Hypothesis and the Probabilityof Events: Criticism of Probability Logic81 Inductive Logic and Probability Logic 　　82 The Positive Theory of Corroboration: How aHypothesis may ‘Prove its Mettle’ 　　83 Corroborability, Testability, and Logical Probability84 Remarks Concerning the Use of the Concepts ‘True’ 　　and ‘Corroborated’ 　　85 The Path of Science 　　APPENDICES 　　i Definition of the Dimension of a Theory 283ii The General Calculus of Frequency in Finite Classes 286x contents 　　iii Derivation of the First Form of the BinomialFormula 290 　　iv A Method of Constructing Models of RandomSequences 293 　　v Examination of an Objection. The Two-SlitExperiment 297 　　vi Concerning a Non-Predictive Procedure ofMeasuring 301 　　vii Remarks Concerning an Imaginary Experiment 305NEW APPENDICES 　　*i Two Notes on Induction and Demarcation,1933–1934 312 　　*ii A Note on Probability, 1938 319 　　*iii On the Heuristic Use of the Classical Definitionof Probability 325 　　*iv The Formal Theory of Probability 329 　　*v Derivations in the Formal Theory of Probability 356*vi On Objective Disorder or Randomness 369*vii Zero Probability and the Fine-Structure ofProbability and of Content 374 　　*viii Content, Simplicity, and Dimension 392*ix Corroboration, the Weight of Evidence, andStatistical Tests 402 　　*x Universals, Dispositions, and Natural orPhysical Necessity 440 　　*xi On the Use and Misuse of Imaginary 　　Experiments, Especially in Quantum Theory 464*xii The Experiment of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen. 　　A Letter from Albert Einstein, 1935 481 　　INDICES, compiled by Dr. J. Agassi 　　Name Index 489 　　Subject Index 494 【下载地址隐藏】：                    点：回复可见地址 游客，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复